A cultivar is a cultivated variety of a plant that has been deliberately selected for specific desirable characteristics (such as the colour and form of the flower, yield of the crop, disease resistance, etc.). When propagated correctly, the plants of a particular cultivar retain their special characteristics.
The naming of cultivars is an important aspect of cultivated plant taxonomy Cultivated plant taxonomy is the study of the theory and practice of the science that finds, describes, classifies, identifies, and names cultigens – those plants whose origin or selection is primarily due to intentional human activity, and the correct naming of a cultivar is prescribed by the Rules and Recommendations of the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants The International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants regulates the names of cultigens (plants whose origin or selection is primarily due to intentional human activity.[clarification needed] These are, for the most part, plants with names in the classification categories cultivar, Group and grex, the classification categories within the (the ICNCP, commonly known as the Cultivated Plant Code). A cultivar is given a cultivar name, which is a Latin botanical name followed by a cultivar epithet An epithet is a descriptive term (word or phrase) accompanying, or occurring in place of, a name, and having entered common usage. It has various shades of meaning when applied to seemingly real or fictitious people, divinities, objects, and binomial nomenclature. It is also a descriptive title, mostly in a vernacular A vernacular, mother tongue or mother language, and less frequently one sense of idiom and dialect, is the native language of a population located in a country or in a region defined on some other basis, such as a locality. For example, Navajo is a local language in the southwest of the United States, and English is the state language of a number language. For example, the full cultivar name of the King Edward potato is Solanum tuberosum 'King Edward'. The 'King Edward' part of the name is the cultivar epithet which, according to the Rules of the Cultivated Plant Code, is bounded by single quotation marks.[1]
Cultivars make up a major part of Liberty Hyde Bailey Liberty Hyde Bailey was an American horticulturist, botanist and cofounder of the American Society for Horticultural Science's broader grouping, the cultigen A cultigen is a plant that has been deliberately altered or selected by humans; it is the result of artificial selection. These "man-made" or anthropogenic plants are, for the most part, plants of commerce that are used in horticulture, agriculture and forestry. Because cultigens are defined by their mode of origin and not by where they,[2] which is defined as a plant whose origin or selection is primarily due to intentional human activity.[3] The word cultivar was coined by Liberty Hyde Bailey and it is generally regarded as a portmanteau A portmanteau (pronounced /pɔrtmænˈtoʊ/ , plural: portmanteaus or portmanteaux) or portmanteau word is used broadly to mean a blend of two (or more) words or morphemes and their meanings into one new word. In linguistics fields, a portmanteau is defined as a blend of two or more function words of "cultivated" and "variety", but could also be derived from "cultigen" and "variety".
A cultivar is not the same as a botanical variety In botanical nomenclature, variety is a taxonomic rank below that of species: As such, it gets a ternary name [citation needed],[4] and there are differences in the rules for the formation and use of the names of botanical varieties and cultivars. In recent times the naming of cultivars has been complicated by the use of statutary Plant Patents A patent is a set of exclusive rights granted by a state (national government) to an inventor or their assignee for a limited period of time in exchange for a public disclosure of an invention and Plant Breeders' Rights.[5]
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Origin of term
Main article: Liberty Hyde Bailey Liberty Hyde Bailey was an American horticulturist, botanist and cofounder of the American Society for Horticultural ScienceBy scientific convention (the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature The International Code of Botanical Nomenclature is the set of rules and recommendations dealing with the formal botanical names that are given to plants. Its intent is that each taxonomic group ("taxon", plural "taxa") of plants has only one correct name that is accepted worldwide. The value of a scientific name is that it is), the starting point for modern botanical nomenclature Botanical nomenclature is the formal, scientific naming of plants. It has a long history, going back to the period when Latin was the scientific language throughout Europe, and perhaps further back to Theophrastos. The key event was Linnaeus’ adoption of binary names for plant species in his Species Plantarum . This gave every plant species a is taken to be those names that appeared in Linnaeus's publications Species Plantarum Species Plantarum was first published in 1753, as a two-volume work by Carl Linnaeus. Its prime importance is perhaps that it is the primary starting point of plant nomenclature as it exists today. This means that the first names to be considered validly published in botany are those that appear in this book and his Genera Plantarum ed. 5 (1753) (edn 10) and Genera Plantarum (edn 5). In Species Plantarum, Linnaeus Carl Linnaeus [a 2] (Swedish original name Carl Linnæus, also Carl Nilsson Linnæus, latinized as Carolus Linnæus [a 3], also known after his ennoblement as Carl von Linné , latinized as Carolus a Linné, 23 May[a 1] 1707 – 10 January 1778) was a Swedish botanist, physician, and zoologist, who laid the foundations for the modern scheme of listed all the plants known to him, either directly or from his extensive reading. Linnaeus recognized the rank of varietas In botanical nomenclature, variety is a taxonomic rank below that of species: as such, it gets a ternary name (in English this is the botanical "variety", a rank below that of species and subspecies) and he indicated these varieties by using letters of the Greek alphabet such as α, β, λ etc. (rather than the abbreviation var., which is the current convention). Most of Linnaeus's varieties were of “garden” origin rather than being wild plants.[6] Over time the need increased to distinguish between plants growing in the wild, and those with variations that had been produced in cultivation, a distinction that dates back to Theophrastus Theophrastus , a Greek native of Eresos in Lesbos, was the successor of Aristotle in the Peripatetic school. He came to Athens at a young age, and initially studied in Plato's school. After Plato's death he attached himself to Aristotle. Aristotle bequeathed to Theophrastus his writings, and designated him as his successor at the Lyceum (370–285 BCE), the "Father of Botany" and head of the Peripatetic School of Philosophy at the Lyceum The lyceum is a category of educational institution defined within the education system of many countries, mainly in Europe. The definition varies between countries; usually it is a type of secondary school in Athens, who was keenly aware of this difference. Theophrastus, in his Enquiry into Plants Historia Plantarum is Latin and literally means History of Plants, although in reality it means something closer to "on plants" or "treatise on plants". There has been more than one book by this title, "had an inkling of the limits of culturally induced (phenotypic A phenotype is any observable characteristic or trait of an organism: such as its morphology, development, biochemical or physiological properties, behavior, and products of behavior . Phenotypes result from the expression of an organism's genes as well as the influence of environmental factors and the interactions between the two) changes and of the importance of genetic constitution" (Historia Plantarum Historia Plantarum is Latin and literally means History of Plants, although in reality it means something closer to "on plants" or "treatise on plants". There has been more than one book by this title III, 2,2 and Causa Plantarum I, 9,3).[7]
In the nineteenth century many of these "garden-derived" plants were given horticultural names, sometimes in Latin. From about the 1900s plants produced in cultivation in Europe were recognised in the Scandinavian, Germanic and Slavic literature through the words stamm or sorte[8] but these words could not be used internationally since, by international agreement, any new terms had to be based in Latin.[9] Eventually, in the twentieth century, an improved international terminology was proposed for the classification and nomenclature of cultivated plants.[10]
In 1923 the word cultivar was coined by Liberty Hyde Bailey of the Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium, Cornell University Cornell University is a private Ivy League university located in Ithaca, New York, New York State, when he wrote:
| “ | The cultigen is a species, or its equivalent, that has appeared under domestication – the plant is cultigenous. I now propose another name, cultivar, for a botanical variety, or for a race subordinate to species, that has originated under cultivation; it is not necessarily, however, referable to a recognized botanical species. It is essentially the equivalent of the botanical variety except in respect to its origin.[11] | ” |
In this paper Bailey used only the rank of species for the cultigen but it was clear to him that many domesticated plants were more like botanical varieties than species, and that appears to have motivated the suggestion of the new classification category cultivar, which is generally assumed to be a contraction of the words cultivated and variety. However, Bailey was never explicit about the etymology Etymology is the study of the history of words, their origins, and how their form and meaning have changed over time of the word cultivar and it has been suggested that it is a contraction of the words cultigen and variety, which seems more appropriate.[12]
The new word cultivar was promoted as ... euphonious. It is free from ambiguity. It serves a purpose.[13][nb 1] Its use was subsequently recommended by the first Cultivated Plant Code, which was published in 1953, and by 1960 it had achieved wide international acceptance.[14]
Cultigens and cultivars
Main article: Cultigen A cultigen is a plant that has been deliberately altered or selected by humans; it is the result of artificial selection. These "man-made" or anthropogenic plants are, for the most part, plants of commerce that are used in horticulture, agriculture and forestry. Because cultigens are defined by their mode of origin and not by where theyThe terms cultigen and cultivar may be confused with each other. Cultigen is a general-purpose term for plants that have been deliberately altered or specially selected by humans, while cultivar is a formal classification category. Cultigens include not only plants with cultivar names but also those with names in the classification categories of grex and Group. The Cultivated Plant Code points out that cultigens are: deliberately selected plants that may have arisen by intentional or accidental hybridization in cultivation, by selection from existing cultivated stocks, or from variants within wild populations that are maintained as recognizable entities solely by continued propagation.[15] Included within the group of plants known as cultigens are genetically modified A genetically modified organism or genetically engineered organism (GEO) is an organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. These techniques, generally known as recombinant DNA technology, use DNA molecules from different sources, which are combined into one molecule to create a new set of genes. This DNA plants, plants with binomial Latin names that are the result of ancient human selection, and any plants that have been altered by humans but which have not been given formal names.[16] Nevertheless, almost all cultigens are cultivars.[17]
Formal definition
Main article: International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants The International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants regulates the names of cultigens (plants whose origin or selection is primarily due to intentional human activity.[clarification needed] These are, for the most part, plants with names in the classification categories cultivar, Group and grex, the classification categories within theThe Cultivated Plant Code points out that the word cultivar is used in two different senses. As a classification category the cultivar is defined in Article 2 of the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants (2009, 8th edition) as follows: The basic category of cultivated plants whose nomenclature is governed by this Code is the cultivar.[18] There are two other classification categories, the grex[19] and the Group A Group is united by some common trait; for example there may be a Group of yellow-flowering cultivars, a Group of cultivars with variegated leaves, a Group of cultivars resistant to a particular disease, etc. A cultivar may belong to more than one Group.[20]
The Code then defines a cultivar in the sense of a taxonomic unit within the classification category of cultivar. This is the sense of cultivar that is most generally understood and which is used as a general definition.
| “ | A cultivar is an assemblage of plants that (a) has been selected for a particular character or combination of characters, (b) is distinct, uniform and stable in those characters, and (c) when propagated by appropriate means, retains those characters.[21] | ” |
Different kinds of cultivar
A cultivar of the orchid genus Oncidium Oncidium, abbreviated as Onc. in the horticultural trade, is a genus that contains about 330 species of orchids from the subtribe Oncidiinae of the orchid family . This is a complex, difficult genus, with many species being reclassified. Calls are made for splitting this genus into multiple generaWhat constitutes a cultivar is driven by pragmatism, as the category was created to serve the practical needs of horticulture Horticulture is the industry and science of plant cultivation including the process of preparing soil for the planting of seeds, tubers, or cuttings. Horticulturists work and conduct research in the disciplines of plant propagation and cultivation, crop production, plant breeding and genetic engineering, plant biochemistry, and plant physiology, agriculture Agricultural science is a broad multidisciplinary field that encompasses the parts of exact, natural, economic and social sciences that are used in the practice and understanding of agriculture and forestry Forestry is the art and science of managing forests, tree plantations, and related natural resources. The main goal of forestry is to create and implement systems that allow forests to continue a sustainable continuation of environmental supplies and services. The challenge of forestry is to create systems that are socially accepted while.
Cultivars may arise by deliberate or accidental breeding, they may be variants selected from plants grown in cultivation, or they may be special selections from plants growing naturally in the wild.
Members of a particular cultivar are not necessarily genetically identical. The Cultivated Plant Code emphasizes that different cultivated plants may be accepted as different cultivars, even if they have the same genome, while cultivated plants with different genomes may be regarded as the same cultivar. The production of cultivars generally entails considerable human involvement although in a few cases it may be as little as simply selecting variation from plants growing in the wild (whether by collecting growing tissue to propagate from or by gathering seed).[22]
Cultivars generally occur as garden and food crops: 'Granny Smith The Granny Ramsey Smith green apple is a tip-bearing apple cultivar. It originated in Australia in 1868 from a chance seedling propagated by Maria Ann Smith , from whom comes the name. It is thought to be a seed from Malus sylvestris, the European Wild Apple, with the domestic apple M. domestica as the polleniser, which would make it a hybrid' and 'Red Delicious The Red Delicious is a clone of apple cultigen, now comprising more than 50 cultivars, that was recognized in Wellsburg, Iowa, United States, in 1880. As new cultivars with improved color and earlier harvestability have replaced the original cultivar in commercial orchards, the taste and texture of the harvested commodity have deteriorated, and' are cultivars of apples propagated by cuttings or grafting Grafting is a method of asexual plant propagation widely used in agriculture and horticulture where the tissues of one plant are encouraged to fuse with those of another. It is most commonly used for the propagation of trees and shrubs grown commercially, 'Red Sails' and 'Great Lakes' are lettuce cultivars propagated by seeds. Named cultivars of Hosta Hosta is a genus of about 23–45 species of lily-like plants native to northeast Asia. They were once classified in the Liliaceae but are now included in the Agavaceae by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, although some taxonomists place the Hostas in their own family: Hostaceae. The scientific name is also used as the common name; in the past they and Hemerocallis Daylily is the common name of the species, hybrids and cultivars of the genus Hemerocallis . The flowers of these plants are highly diverse in colour and form, often resulting from hybridization by gardening enthusiasts. Thousands of registered cultivars are appreciated and studied by international Hemerocallis societies. Once considered part of plants are cultivars produced by micropropagation Micropropagation is the practice of rapidly multiplying stock plant material to produce a large number of progeny plants, using modern plant tissue culture methods or division.
Clones
Leucospermum Leucospermum is a genus of about 50 species of flowering plants in the family Proteaceae, native to Zimbabwe and South Africa, where they occupy a variety of habitats, including scrub, forest, and mountain slopes 'Scarlet Ribbon' a cross performed in Tasmania between L. glabrum and L. tottumCultivars that are produced asexually are genetically identical and known as clones Cloning in biology is the process of producing similar populations of genetically identical individuals that occurs in nature when organisms such as bacteria, insects or plants reproduce asexually. Cloning in biotechnology refers to processes used to create copies of DNA fragments , cells (cell cloning), or organisms. The term also refers to the. Included here are plants propagated by division, cuttings Plant cutting, also known as striking/cloning, is a technique for vegetatively propagating plants in which a piece of the source plant containing at least one stem cell is placed in a suitable medium such as moist soil, potting mix, coir or rock wool. The cutting produces new roots, stems, or both, and thus becomes a new plant independent of the, grafts, and budding Budding is a form of asexual reproduction in which a new organism grows on another one. The new organism remains attached as it grows, separating from the parent organism only when it is mature. Since the reproduction is asexual, the newly created organism is a clone and is genetically identical to the parent organism. The propagating material may be taken from a particular part of the plant, for example a lateral branch, or from a particular phase of the life cycle, say a juvenile leaf, or from aberrant growth as occurs with witches brooms. Plants whose distinctive characters are derived from the presence of an intracellular organism may also form a cultivar provided the characters are reproduced reliably from generation to generation. Plants of the same chimaera (which have mutant tissues close to normal tissue) or graft-chimaeras (which have vegetative tissue from different kinds of plants and which originate by grafting) may also form a cultivar.[23]
Seed-produced
Seed-raised cultivars can be produced by uncontrolled pollination provided the cultivar can be distinguished by one or more characters that are distinct, uniform and stable under propagation. They may be produced as “lines” that are produced by repeated self-fertilization or inbreeding or “multilines” that are made up of several closely related lines. Sometimes they are F1 hybrids which are the result of a deliberate repeatable single cross between two pure lines. There are a few F2 hybrid seed cultivars too (such as Achillea 'Summer Berries').
Cultivars may also arise as a result of a change in ploidy Human germ cells have one complete set of chromosomes from the male or female parent. Germ cells, also called gametes, combine to produce somatic cells. Somatic cells therefore have twice as many chromosomes. The haploid number (n) is the number of chromosomes in a gamete. A somatic cell has twice that many chromosomes (2n) level of a plant and agamospermous In botany, apomixis was defined by Winkler as replacement of the normal sexual reproduction by asexual reproduction, without fertilization. This definition notably does not mention meiosis. Thus "normal asexual reproduction" of plants, such as propagation from cuttings or leaves, has never been considered to be apomixis, but replacement plants that retain their genetic composition and characteristics under reproduction may form cultivars.[24] Occasionally cultivars are raised from seed of a specially selected provenance – for example the seed may be taken from plants that are disease resistant.[25]
Ultima Hora (Paraguay), Paraguay
Los marihuaneros no cesan en cultivar la hierba maldita a pesar de los intensos operativos llevados adelante por las fuerzas de tarea conjunta en el departamento de San Pedro. A 15 o 22 dias de haber sido cortadas las plantaciones, los uniformados ...
(Diacritical)
Sun, 25 Apr 2010 20:05:47 GM
Diacritical posted a photo: Japanese Wisteria (. cultivar. ). Brooklyn Botanic Garden - Spring 2010 Wisteria floribunda 'Macrobotrys' Bean Family: Leguminosae See where this picture was taken. [?]
