Carl Linnaeus [a 2] (Swedish original name Carl Linnæus, also Carl Nilsson Linnæus, latinized as Carolus Linnæus [a 3], also known after his ennoblement The Swedish nobility were historically a legally privileged class in Sweden, part of the so-called frälse (a classification defined by tax exemptions and representation in the diet that also applied to clergy). Today, the nobility is still very much a part of Swedish society but they do not maintain many of their former privileges. They still do as Carl von Linné (help·info), latinized as Carolus a Linné, 23 May[a 1] 1707 – 10 January 1778) was a Swedish botanist Botany, plant science, phytology, or plant biology is a branch of biology that involves the scientific study of plant life. Botany covers a wide range of scientific disciplines concerned with the study of plants, algae and fungi, including structure, growth, reproduction, metabolism, development, diseases, chemical properties, and evolutionary, physician A physician—also known as doctor of medicine, medical doctor, or simply doctor—practices the ancient profession of medicine, which is concerned with maintaining or restoring human health through the study, diagnosis, and treatment of disease or injury. This properly requires both a detailed knowledge of the academic disciplines underlying, and zoologist Zoology , occasionally also spelt zoölogy, is the branch of biology that focuses on the structure, function, behavior, and evolution of animals, who laid the foundations for the modern scheme of binomial nomenclature The formal system of naming species is called binomial nomenclature , binominal nomenclature (since 1953, the technically correct form in zoology), or binary nomenclature. He is known as the father of modern taxonomy Alpha taxonomy is the science of finding, describing and categorising organisms, thus leading to the recognition of proposed taxonomic groups, or taxa (singular: taxon), which may then be named, and is also considered one of the fathers of modern ecology Ecology is the scientific study of the distributions, abundance and relations of organisms and their interactions with the environment. Ecology includes the study of plant and animal populations, plant and animal communities and ecosystems. Ecosystems describe the web or network of relations among organisms at different scales of organization.
Linnaeus was born in the countryside of Småland Småland (Smolandia) is a historical province (landskap) in southern Sweden. Småland borders Blekinge, Scania or Skåne, Halland, Västergötland, Östergötland and the island Öland in the Baltic Sea. The name Småland literally means Small lands. The latinized form Smolandia has been used in other languages. The highest summit in Småland is, in southern Sweden. His father was the first in his ancestry to adopt a permanent last name; before that, ancestors had used the patronymic A patronym, or patronymic, is a component of a personal name based on the name of one's father, grandfather or an even earlier male ancestor. A component of a name based on the name of one's mother or a female ancestor is a matronym. Each is a means of conveying lineage naming system of Scandinavian countries. His father adopted the Latin-form name Linnæus after a giant linden tree on the family homestead. This name was spelled with the æ Æ is a grapheme formed from the letters a and e. Originally a ligature representing a Latin diphthong, it has been promoted to the full status of a letter in the alphabets of some languages, including Danish, Norwegian and Icelandic. As a letter of the Old English alphabet, it was called æsc ("ash tree") after the Anglo-Saxon futhorc ligature In writing and typography, a ligature occurs where two or more graphemes are joined as a single glyph. Ligatures usually replace consecutive characters sharing common components and are part of a more general class of glyphs called "contextual forms" where the specific shape of a letter depends on context such as surrounding letters or, which was also used by his son Carl in his handwritten documents and publications.
Linnaeus got most of his higher education at Uppsala University Uppsala University is a research university in Uppsala, Sweden and one of the top universities in northern Europe. Founded in 1477, it is the oldest university in the Nordic countries, and has been one of Europe's most renowned seats of learning for centuries and began giving lectures in botany Botany, plant science, phytology, or plant biology is a branch of biology that involves the scientific study of plant life. Botany covers a wide range of scientific disciplines concerned with the study of plants, algae and fungi, including structure, growth, reproduction, metabolism, development, diseases, chemical properties, and evolutionary there in 1730. He lived abroad between 1735–1738, where he studied and also published a first edition of his Systema Naturae The book Systema Naturae was one of the major works of the Swedish botanist, zoologist and physician Carolus Linnaeus. The first edition was published in 1735. Its full title is Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis or translated: "System of nature in the Netherlands. He then returned to Sweden where he became professor of botany at Uppsala Uppsala is the capital of Uppsala County and the fourth largest city of Sweden with 144,839 inhabitants. In the 1740s, he was sent on several journeys through Sweden to find and classify plants and animals. In the 1750s and 60s, he continued to collect and classify animals, plants, and minerals, and published several volumes. At the time of his death, he was renowned as one of the most acclaimed scientists in Europe.
The Swiss philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau Jean-Jacques Rousseau was a major Genevois philosopher, writer, and composer of the 18th-century Enlightenment. His political philosophy influenced the French Revolution and the development of modern political and educational thought sent him the message: "Tell him I know no greater man on earth."[1] The German writer Johann Wolfgang von Goethe Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (German pronunciation: [ˈjoːhan ˈvɔlfɡaŋ fɔn ˈɡøːtə] , 28 August 1749 – 22 March 1832) was a German writer and polymath. Goethe's works span the fields of poetry, drama, literature, theology, philosophy, pantheism, and science. His magnum opus, lauded as one of the peaks of world literature, is the two-part wrote: "With the exception of Shakespeare William Shakespeare [a] was an English poet and playwright, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist. He is often called England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon".[b] His surviving works, including some collaborations, consist of 38 plays,[c] 154 sonnets, two long narrative and Spinoza Baruch or Benedict de Spinoza (November 24, 1632 – February 21, 1677) was a Dutch philosopher of Portuguese Jewish origin. Revealing considerable scientific aptitude, the breadth and importance of Spinoza's work was not fully realized until years after his death. Today, he is considered one of the great rationalists of 17th-century philosophy,, I know no one among the no longer living who has influenced me more strongly."[1] Swedish author August Strindberg Johan August Strindberg ( pronounced ; 22 January 1849 – 14 May 1912) was a Swedish playwright, novelist, and essayist. A prolific writer who often drew directly on his personal experience, Strindberg's career spanned four decades, during which time wrote over 60 plays and more than 30 works of fiction, autobiography, history, cultural analysis, wrote: "Linnaeus was in reality a poet who happened to become a naturalist".[2] Among other compliments, Linnaeus has been called "Princeps botanicorum" ("Prince of Botanists"), "The Pliny Naturalis Historia is an encyclopedia published circa AD 77-79 by Pliny the Elder. It is one of the largest single works to have survived from the Roman empire to the modern day and purports to cover the entire field of ancient knowledge, based on the best authorities available to Pliny. He claims to be the only Roman ever to have undertaken such of the North" and "The Second Adam Adam is a prominent figure in Abrahamic religions. He is the first man created by God in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. He appears originally in the Hebrew Bible in the Book of Genesis. His wife was Eve".[3]
In botany, the author abbreviation In botanical nomenclature, author citation refers to citing the person who validly published a botanical name, i.e. who first published the name while fulfilling the formal requirements as specified by the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN) used to indicate Linnaeus as the authority for species names is simply L.
In 1959 Carl Linnaeus was designated as lectotype for Homo sapiens Humans, known taxonomically as Homo sapiens , are the only living species in the Homo genus of bipedal primates in Hominidae, the great ape family. However, in some cases "human" is used to refer to any member of the genus Homo,[4] which means that following the nomenclatural rules The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature is both a book containing (among others) a set of rules and recommendations on the formal naming of animals, and that set itself[citation needed]. Among zoologists (and in the book) it is often referred to simply as "the Code" (in mixed company, taxonomists refer to it as "the ICZN& Homo sapiens was validly defined as the animal species to which Linnaeus belonged.
Contents
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Biography
Early life
Childhood
Birth place of Linnaeus at Råshult.Carl Linnaeus was born in Råshult Råshult is a village just north of Älmhult in Kronoberg County, Småland, Sweden. Råshult is the village where the Swedish scientist Carolus Linnaeus was born in 1707, Småland Småland (Smolandia) is a historical province (landskap) in southern Sweden. Småland borders Blekinge, Scania or Skåne, Halland, Västergötland, Östergötland and the island Öland in the Baltic Sea. The name Småland literally means Small lands. The latinized form Smolandia has been used in other languages. The highest summit in Småland is, Sweden on 23 May 1707. He was the first child of Nils Ingemarsson Linnaeus and Christina Brodersonia; Nils was from a long line of peasants and priests. His father, Nils, was an amateur botanist Botany, plant science, phytology, or plant biology is a branch of biology that involves the scientific study of plant life. Botany covers a wide range of scientific disciplines concerned with the study of plants, algae and fungi, including structure, growth, reproduction, metabolism, development, diseases, chemical properties, and evolutionary, a Lutheran Lutheranism is a theological movement to reform Christianity with the teaching of justification by grace through faith alone. Lutheranism identifies with the theology confessed in the Augsburg Confession and the other writings compiled in the Book of Concord. Lutheranism is a major branch of Western Christianity that identifies with the theology minister In Christian churches, a minister is someone who is authorized by a church or religious organization to perform clergy functions such as teaching of beliefs; performing services such as weddings, baptisms or funerals; or otherwise providing spiritual guidance to the community, and the curate From the Latin curatus , a curate (pronounced /ˈkjʊərɨt/, us dict: kyoorʹĭt) is a person who is invested with the care, or cure (cura), of souls of a parish. In this sense it correctly means a parish priest. In Anglican churches, however, the term is usually used for an assistant priest or deacon. In the Roman Catholic Church it is often the of the small village of Stenbrohult in Småland. His mother, Christina, was the daughter of the rector of Stenbrohult, Samuel Brodersonius. She subsequently gave birth to three daughters and another son, Samuel (who would eventually succeed their father as rector of Stenbrohult and write a manual on beekeeping Beekeeping is the maintenance of honey bee colonies, commonly in hives, by humans. A beekeeper (or apiarist) keeps bees in order to collect honey and beeswax, to pollinate crops, or to produce bees for sale to other beekeepers. A location where bees are kept is called an apiary).[5][6][7] A year after Linnaeus' birth his grandfather Samuel Brodersonius died, and his father Nils became the rector of Stenbrohult. Thus Linnaeus and his parents could move into the rectory A rectory is the residence, or former residence, of a rector, most often a Christian cleric, but in some cases an academic rector or other person with that title. Many former rectories may still be referred to locally as a rectory once a church or religious organisation has vacated the property instead of the curate's house where they had lived before.[8][9]
Even in his early years Linnaeus seemed to have a liking for plants, flowers in particular. Whenever he was upset he was given a flower which immediately calmed him. Nils spent much time in his garden and often showed flowers to Linnaeus and told him their names. Soon Linnaeus was given his own patch of earth in his father's garden where he could grow plants.[10]
Early education
His father began teaching Linnaeus Latin, religion, and geography at an early age, but when Linnaeus was seven Nils considered it better for him to have a tutor. His parents picked Johan Telander, a son of a local yeoman "Yeoman" could refer to a free man holding a small landed estate, a minor landowner, a small prosperous farmer , a deputy, assistant, journeyman, or a loyal or faithful servant. Work "performed or rendered in a loyal, valiant, useful, or workmanlike manner", especially work requiring a great deal of effort or labor, such as. Telander was not appreciated by Linnaeus, who later wrote in his autobiography that Telander "was better calculated to extinguish a child's talents than develop them".[11] Two years after his tutoring had begun he was instead sent to the Lower Grammar School A grammar school is one of several different types of school in the history of education in the United Kingdom and some other English-speaking countries, originally schools teaching classical languages but more recently academically-oriented types of secondary school at Växjö Växjö is a city and the seat of Växjö Municipality, Kronoberg County, Sweden with 55,600 inhabitants in 2005. It is the administrative, cultural and industrial centre of Kronoberg County. Furthermore it is the episcopal see of the Diocese of Växjö. It has a population of about 56,000, out of a municipal total of 80,000 inhabitants. The town.[12] Linnaeus rarely studied, instead he often went to the countryside to look for plants. Nevertheless Linnaeus managed to reach the last year of the Lower School when he was fifteen, in 1717. This year was taught by the headmaster, Daniel Lannerus who was interested in botany. Lannerus noticed Linnaeus' interest in botany and gave him the run of his garden. He also introduced him to Johan Rothman who was the state doctor of Småland and teacher at Växjö Gymnasium A gymnasium is a type of school providing secondary education in some parts of Europe, comparable to English grammar schools or sixth form colleges and U.S. college preparatory high schools. The word γυμνάσιον (gymnasion) was used in Ancient Greece, meaning a locality for both physical and intellectual education of young men (see. Rothman, being a doctor and thus at that time also a botanist, widened Linnaeus' interest in botany and helped him develop a interest in medicine Medicine is the science and art of healing humans. It includes a variety of health care practices evolved to maintain and restore health by the prevention and treatment of illness. Before scientific medicine, healing arts were practiced along with alchemical and ritual practices that developed out of religious and cultural traditions. The term &.[13][14]
After having spent the last seven years in a grammar school Linnaeus entered the Växjö Gymnasium in 1724 . At the gymnasium he studied mainly Greek Greek , an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages, is the language of the Greeks. Native to the southern Balkans, it has the longest documented history of any Indo-European language, spanning 34 centuries of written records. In its ancient form, it is the language of classical ancient Greek literature and the New Testament of, Hebrew Extinct as a regularly spoken language by the 4th century CE, but survived as a liturgical and literary language; revived in the 1880s, theology Theology is the study of a god or, more generally, the study of religious faith, practice, and experience, or of spirituality and mathematics Mathematics is the study of quantity, structure, space, and change. Mathematicians seek out patterns, formulate new conjectures, and establish truth by rigorous deduction from appropriately chosen axioms and definitions; a curriculum designed for someone who intended on a future as a priest.[15][16] In the last year at the gymnasium Linnaeus' father Nils visited to ask the professors at the gymnasium how Linnaeus' studies were progressing; to his dismay most of them told him that Linnaeus would never become a scholar. However, Rothman believed otherwise and suggested that Linnaeus could have a future in medicine. Rothman also offered that he would give Linnaeus a home in Växjö and teach him physiology Physiology is the science of the functioning of living systems. It is a subcategory of biology. In physiology, the scientific method is applied to determine how organisms, organ systems, organs, cells and biomolecules carry out the chemical or physical function that they have in a living system. The word physiology is from Ancient Greek: φύσις and botany. Nils gratefully accepted this offer.[17][18]
lker Erkan
Sun, 01 Nov 2009 13:49:00 GM
Charaxes jasius . Linnaeus. ,1767. Cift Kuyruklu Pa a Two-tailed Pasha. Charaxes jasius, lurking on a tree branch and a bug at foreground. Sakl kent-Fethiye-Mu la 23.07.2008 Photo lker Erkan. Charaxes jasius, feeding on fig fruit and ...
